Free College Admissions Essays: Interest in Languages :: College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Languages   I can follow my enthusiasm for dialects back to a vacation to the Lleyn Peninsula when I was 6, during which I chose to order a word reference of the Welsh words I saw on signs. My advantage made progress at optional school, and as of late I have gotten especially energetic about the language and culture of Spain - an excitement elevated by a visit to Galicia the previous summer. While I am getting a charge out of A level French I am quick to accept this open door to gain some new useful knowledge, thus my longing to consider Italian. Italy is a nation which interests me and which I couldn't imagine anything better than to become more acquainted with, and I as of now have some information on the language including the articulation framework.   Last term I partook in a French article composing rivalry sorted out by the Alliance Française, and for my exposition on Globalization I was granted a Certificat d'Or. A year ago likewise observed my support in the French Exchange with a school in Condé- en-Brie, close to Reims, which I found a significant understanding into French culture just as an opportunity to improve my language. Aside from my French and Spanish examinations, I have sought after different dialects at different occasions. A year ago I took the one-year GCSE course in Latin that my school offers, which I have discovered exceptionally intriguing and profoundly beneficial just as an assistance with and understanding into Romance dialects. Out of energy for the West of Scotland and enthusiasm for Scottish spot names I have taken in some Gaelic, and I as of late began to show myself German.   I have been chosen representative head kid with obligation regarding foundation during the current year, and in this position I want to proceed with the amazing raising support endeavors of earlier years for neighborhood and national causes. I have effectively finished my Bronze Duke of Edinburgh's honor, for which I took up rock-climbing and helped inhabitants in a nearby nursing home. I am on the board of the Debating Society and have spoken in various discussions in the Society's first year; through school I have likewise partaken in an open talking rivalry composed by the Rotary Club, for which I talked as a major aspect of a group of three on how we will see life in the following thousand years. I am a sharp entertainer, and have had driving jobs in creations both all through school.

Essay Cyber Bullying A New Form Of Bullying Essay Example For Students

Exposition Cyber Bullying : A New Form Of Bullying Essay The across the board utilization of electronic correspondence has offered ascend to another type of harassing, occurring in the internet. In its customary sense, tormenting can be characterized as a hostile, intentional and rehashed conduct of a gathering or a person against a casualty who can't safeguard oneself. Digital tormenting is likewise an intentional and rehashed conduct yet it happens internet, utilizing electronic types of contact, for example, mobile phones, messages, and long range informal communication applications or locales. The accessibility of the Internet and the expanding notoriety of informal communities, alongside the appearing obscurity of collaborations make digital harassing the predominant tormenting structure among present day young people today. The most well known types of digital harassing are seen through instant messages, pictures and recordings, messages, and texts. Despite the fact that digital tormenting doesn't occur up close and personal it has results that are similarly as genuine as those of conventional harassing. The separation of the person in question, suicides, or even genuine mental issue are for the most part potential and normally revealed outcomes of digital tormenting. While advanced animosities may appear to be milder than customary tormenting, the repercussions for the casualties can be similarly as serious if not far and away more terrible because of the way that digital harassing is a lot harder to get away and less noticeable to spectators, in this manner making it increasingly hard to mediate. Digital harassing is an across the board developing issue that is affecting children and young people every day across the country. On the off chance that guardians and teachers need to end it, they have to comprehend what causes digital tormenting to happen. As indicated by Gordon, there are 8 principle reasons why kids digital haras ser each other, the first being that the kid is spurred by vengeance. Children who were victi. .ts, remarks, messages, or pictures posted online until the end of time. Digital tormenting likewise goes unnoticed by guardians or school instructors since it isn't going on straightforwardly before them. They don't have a similar degree of mechanical information as youngsters do. This causes keeping to up with teenagers online about unthinkable. Pity and misery, low confidence, self-destructive musings, and inconvenience centering and staying aware of school are for the most part reactions or outcomes that originate from digital harassing. With these feelings coming about because of being focused through digital harassing, it is significant that safeguard estimates keep on being actualized all through the study hall. Because of the way that digital tormenting is a lot harder to get away and is less obvious to spectators, its repercussions for the casualty can be similarly as extreme if not much more terrible than conventional harassing. (Word check: 2582)

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips Turn the television on, and you are very likely to find a celebrity or some other famous personality conversing with a TV news anchor or program show host. Open the newspaper and there’s a chance that you’ll read about the thoughts of a prominent politician about certain issues, written down by a journalist.As you walk to your office and pass by the Human Resource department, you see a queue of well-dressed young men and women waiting for their turn to go into the room and talk with the HR manager, who is currently trying to fill a vacant position.These scenarios all involve conversations and exchanges of ideas, accomplished in the form of an interview. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we explore 1) what an interview is, 2) the pros and cons of having an interview schedule, 3) the different types of interview schedules, 4) interview schedule templates, and 5) tips and tricks.INTERVIEW: AN OVERVIEWQuite possibly, the simplest definition of an “interview” is a “conversation where questions are asked and the corresponding answers are given. The setting and execution of the interview range from casual to semi-formal to formal, and it involves two parties: the interviewer and interviewee. The interviewer’s objective is to collect data and information by asking questions, and probing the answers that are given by the interviewee. It may even be described as the “interviewer’s script”.An interview may be conducted one-on-one, with one interviewer and one interviewee, or in groups. For example, one interviewer may discuss with multiple interviewees, or more than one interviewers may converse with a single int erviewee. Alternatively, it could be a group arrangement, with a panel of interviewers facing a panel of interviewees.When are interviews conducted? Generally, interviews are used for the following:Hiring or Recruitment. A job interview involves a hiring manager or recruiter talking to or discussing with an applicant or candidate in order to assess the latter’s suitability and fit for an open position.Research. One way to gather data for research (e.g. marketing, economic, and scientific research) is through what is known as “research interview”, where respondents are sought for answers. In scientific research, for example, questions are formulated for the purpose of testing a hypothesis or assumption.Information dissemination. News is the prime example, where a person is asked questions for television, radio, newspaper, or similar media.How can you tell if an interview is going smoothly? Well, common sense would dictate that an interview is going well if there is a continuous exchange of ideas and information, and this can be attributed to several factors.An objective or purpose, revolving around a specific topic or subject. Is it a job interview? Is the interview meant to find out what the interviewee thinks about a certain issue?The ability of the interviewer to ask questions and encourage the interviewee to connect with him and open up to him. This also refers to his ability to probe deeper and do follow ups on the questions to gain more information.The responsiveness of the interviewee, and his ability to express himself fully in his answers. He should be able to quickly grasp the question and understand what is being asked, so he can provide the answer that the interviewer is looking for.The interview setting. This includes the venue or location, the language used, and other external factors that set the overall tone of the interview.If any of the above are absent (or present but lacking in any way), then you can expect the interview to go downhill from the beginning. However, another huge reason why most interviews fail or do not achieve the desired results is lack of preparation, particularly on the part of the interviewer. An indication of preparedness is an “interview schedule”.THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULEAs fun as spontaneous or on-the-spot interviews may seem to be, they will still bomb if no preparation was put into it. Those “ambush” interviews you see on television? They are not completely random or “on-the-spot” as they are presented to be. The questions asked have already been prepared beforehand, and they are often contained in an interview schedule.An interview schedule is basically a list containing a set of structured questions that have been prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers, researchers and investigators in collecting information or data about a specific topic or issue. The schedule will be used by the interviewer, who will fill in the questions with the answers received during the actual i nterview.Advantages of an Interview ScheduleAn interview schedule facilitates the conduct of an interview. Since the questions have already been prepared beforehand, it is easier to carry out and complete the interview.It increases the likelihood of collecting accurate information or data. The questions, which were already prepared beforehand, are expected to be well-thought out and have focus, so they target the “heart of the matter”, thereby ensuring that the answers obtained are correct or accurate. According to Lindlof Taylor, interview schedules can increase the reliability and credibility of data gathered.It allows interviewers and researchers to get more information, since they can ask follow-up queries or clarifications to the questions they have prepared. Thus, the information gathered is more relevant and useful.The rate and amount of responses are higher. Often, interviews are time-bound. Interviewers are given only a limited amount of time to ask all their questions and get the answers. If he came prepared, then he can utilize that time properly. Otherwise, he will be wasting a lot of time, thinking about what question to ask next. The next thing he knows, time is up, and he barely got anything substantial from the interviewee.It offers flexibility and high customization, and may be used when interviewing different types of people. The interviewer can prepare it with the respondents in mind. For example, an interviewer may have prepared a job interview schedule for the recruitment of a construction worker or laborer. When he is tasked to interview candidates for a senior management position, he may also use the same schedule, but with several adjustments.Disadvantages of an Interview ScheduleIt can be time-consuming. Preparation of the interview schedule can take quite a chunk of the time of an interviewer, especially if it is for an extensive or in-depth interview. Significant amounts of research must be performed in order to be able to craft good questions.There is a high risk that the interview and its results may suffer from the bias of the interviewer, as he is the one that will choose the questions to be asked during the interview.Variability may be high when the interview schedule is used by multiple interviewers. This may result to unreliable information gathered during the interviews.TYPES OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULESThere are two major types of interview schedules or guides that are widely used by interviewers.In-depth interview scheduleThis is used for open-ended interviews, which are aimed at obtaining in-depth information, often on serious topics or sensitive issues. The questions are open-ended, with prompts provided for the interviewer to ask for clarification or further information if necessary.The interviewee is given more room or leeway to talk about all the topics that will crop up during the interview, so he is free to use his own words and let the ideas flow out of him easily. The key characteristics of th is interview schedule are listed below.The schedule contains indications of the interviewee’s awareness of the purpose of the interview and how long it will take.The questions must be crafted to provide answers relevant to the topic or issue. For example, if it is a job interview, the questions should address the matter on whether the applicant being interviewed possesses the qualifications and credentials that make him suitable for the open position. If the interview is for purposes of research or investigation, the questions should answer the main problem or topic of the research or investigation.All questions should be relevant, or have an impact on the purpose or objective of the interview. Remove any irrelevant questions, or those with answers that won’t be of any use to you.It takes the one-step-at-a-time approach, with each question meant to tackle only one issue, instead of addressing several issues all at one. This has a tendency to confuse not only the interviewee, but also the interviewer, and result in the latter losing control of the direction of the interview.Instead of using questions answerable with a Yes or No, the questions are open-ended, which can be used as a starting or reference point for more questions. This way, the interviewer can go deeper in getting information he needs.The questions are neutral, avoiding leading questions that have the potential to dictate the answer to the interviewee.Structured interview scheduleThis type of interview schedule is often compared with the format used in survey forms or questionnaires because of their similarities. The difference lies in the usage; obviously, the interview schedule is used by the interviewer during a face-to-face interaction, while the questionnaire is simply filled out by the respondent.This interview schedule contains the questions that will be asked, and it is also where the interviewer will record the answers to those questions. Essentially, preparing an interview schedule f or a structured interview is the same as preparing a questionnaire. It’s just that the questionnaire will be used solely by the interviewer, and the respondent or interviewee will not get to lay their eyes on the contents.For more flexibility, however, some interviewers combine the features of these two types when they prepare their interview schedule. It would really be up to the interviewer, and what he deems to be most effective in achieving his objectives.INTERVIEW SCHEDULE TEMPLATESThere is no single standard template for an interview schedule. Generally, the format will depend on the type and purpose of the interview being conducted, as well as the target respondents or interviewees. However, the interview schedule must have three major parts:1. OpeningSome researchers call this stage the “warm-up”, where the objective is to create an atmosphere that will accommodate the open and free flow of ideas between the interviewer and interviewee, whether it is one-on-one or in a group.At the start of the interview, the interviewer should welcome the interviewee and make an effort to put him at ease. If the respondent is relaxed, the interview is likely to go smoothly. The interviewer will then proceed to inform the interviewee of the following:Objectives of the interview. The interviewee deserves to know why the interview is taking place, and why he is involved. In case of a job interview, the applicant being interviewed already knows why he is in the same room with the HR personnel, but it should still be spelled out to him.The topics or points that will be discussed in the course of the interview. This is to further make the interviewee comfortable, since you are giving him something like an ‘advanced warning’ on what will be asked later on in the conversation.The estimated length or duration of the interview. The interviewee does not want to be kept guessing throughout the course of the interview when it will end, or if he will have to spend all mor ning talking to the interviewer.The interviewee would like to feel that he will benefit in some way from this interview, so it would definitely help if you give him motivation to answer the questions properly and accurately. If you don’t, he may not be inclined to answer the questions, much less give good answers.This part of the interview schedule may be formatted in such a way that fits the interviewer’s personality, and even that of the interviewee.2. BodyWe come to the “core discussion”. This contains the meat of the interview schedule: the topics and the questions to be asked. Again, the content will depend on the topic and the type of interview. The main thing that you should never overlook is that the questions should fulfill the objective of the interview.Instead of an interview outline, which includes only a list of topics and subtopics, a typical interview schedule also contains major questions, as well as follow-up questions designed to probe or clarify the answer s to the previously asked major questions.When preparing the body of the interview schedule, it is important to leave more than enough space where the interviewer may write down the responses or answers of the interviewee.3. ClosingThe interview is about to be wrapped up. The reason that it is included in the interview schedule is to ensure that the interview will not end abruptly, which may come across as rude to the interviewee.The closing will cover the main points, in summary, that were talked about during the interview, followed by a brief discussion on the next steps that will be taken after the interview.You may check out this template for an example of an interview schedule to be used in talking with a university classmate. This other template of a simple interview guide also provides cues on what the interviewer should say during the interview, aside from the questions that he will ask.In some cases, an interview schedule may be so simple as to contain only the salient poin ts, such as the purpose of the interview, the date, time and location of the conduct of the interview, and the names and contact details of both the interviewer and the interviewee. Take a look at this job interview schedule as an example.Fortunately, there is a wealth of resources of interview schedule templates that you can find online that you can tweak and adapt to your needs.TIPS IN PREPARING AND USING AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULEThe main concern in the preparation of an interview schedule is on the questions. What should be asked, and how should they be asked? But that is not all. Even the order or sequence of asking the questions also matters, which is why it should also be reflected on the interview schedule.Remember the following tips when preparing the guide that you will use for the interview.Do not start the interview with a question probing into any personal information of the interviewee (unless the purpose of the interview is to talk about his personal life). If it’s a job interview, it would be better to get him to talk about his skills, qualifications and work experiences, since that is his comfort zone. If it is a research interview, you can start things off by asking the interviewee about his expertise in the field that you are interviewing him about. Do not ask him personal questions about his family or similar topics.Start with the “lighter” questions, or those that will not immediately put the interviewee or respondent on his guard. The interviewer should be able to answer the question easily, then you can move on gradually to the more sensitive or difficult topics. If you start it with a controversial question, or something that will make the interviewee uncomfortable, that will set a grim tone for the rest of the interview.The general rule is for you to group the questions in a logical manner. You can start with general questions, and work your way toward the specific questions later on. Of course, you may have to be flexible at times, e specially when a general question must be followed by a specific question in order to clarify something.For variety and a more natural flow, if you are using both open-ended and closed questions, it would be a good idea to mix them up, instead of asking all the closed questions first and then the open-ended ones in the latter half of the interview. Another suggestion is to adapt the funnel or inverted funnel sequence. The funnel sequence will have you starting with open-ended questions, and gradually but naturally easing into the close-ended ones. The inverted funnel sequence orders the questions in reverse.Keep the respondents or interviewees in mind when preparing the questions. You should know about their background, at least, so you can prepare questions that will resonate with them. If you are going to interview candidates for a supervisory engineering position, you can frame the questions so that the candidates will be able to prove whether they are qualified for the job or no t. If you are interviewing a person of interest regarding a recent incident, you should at least find out why he is considered to be a “person of interest”, so you can come up with the proper and relevant questions.The wording of the questions must be clear. Avoid using complicated and highly technical terms, unless you are completely sure that the interviewee is familiar with them. Try using simple language and layman’s terms to avoid confusion. Stay away from colloquial terms and jargon, especially when there are better â€" easier to understand â€" alternatives that you can use. Sentence structure is also important. Questions structured into long and run-on sentences may confuse you both, and the interviewee may miss the main point that you are asking about. As earlier mentioned, as much as possible, each question should address a single issue. Avoid placing too many questions in a single sentence, to be read in one breath.Provide adequate space where you can record or write the answers or responses to each question. There is an option to use a recorder during the interview, in case there are some points that you fail to record on the interview schedule. If you are going to use one, you have to inform the interviewee about it at the start of the interview, and get his consent to record the interview.As interviewer, you have to familiarize yourself with the interview schedule. You want the interview to flow naturally, and you definitely don’t want to sound stilted when asking the questions or, worse, as if you rehearsed it. Well, you probably have, but you don’t want to make that apparent to the interviewee. You have to exude confidence; after all, you are the one asking the questions. Once you have prepared the interview schedule, you have to know it inside out.

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips Turn the television on, and you are very likely to find a celebrity or some other famous personality conversing with a TV news anchor or program show host. Open the newspaper and there’s a chance that you’ll read about the thoughts of a prominent politician about certain issues, written down by a journalist.As you walk to your office and pass by the Human Resource department, you see a queue of well-dressed young men and women waiting for their turn to go into the room and talk with the HR manager, who is currently trying to fill a vacant position.These scenarios all involve conversations and exchanges of ideas, accomplished in the form of an interview. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we explore 1) what an interview is, 2) the pros and cons of having an interview schedule, 3) the different types of interview schedules, 4) interview schedule templates, and 5) tips and tricks.INTERVIEW: AN OVERVIEWQuite possibly, the simplest definition of an “interview” is a “conversation where questions are asked and the corresponding answers are given. The setting and execution of the interview range from casual to semi-formal to formal, and it involves two parties: the interviewer and interviewee. The interviewer’s objective is to collect data and information by asking questions, and probing the answers that are given by the interviewee. It may even be described as the “interviewer’s script”.An interview may be conducted one-on-one, with one interviewer and one interviewee, or in groups. For example, one interviewer may discuss with multiple interviewees, or more than one interviewers may converse with a single int erviewee. Alternatively, it could be a group arrangement, with a panel of interviewers facing a panel of interviewees.When are interviews conducted? Generally, interviews are used for the following:Hiring or Recruitment. A job interview involves a hiring manager or recruiter talking to or discussing with an applicant or candidate in order to assess the latter’s suitability and fit for an open position.Research. One way to gather data for research (e.g. marketing, economic, and scientific research) is through what is known as “research interview”, where respondents are sought for answers. In scientific research, for example, questions are formulated for the purpose of testing a hypothesis or assumption.Information dissemination. News is the prime example, where a person is asked questions for television, radio, newspaper, or similar media.How can you tell if an interview is going smoothly? Well, common sense would dictate that an interview is going well if there is a continuous exchange of ideas and information, and this can be attributed to several factors.An objective or purpose, revolving around a specific topic or subject. Is it a job interview? Is the interview meant to find out what the interviewee thinks about a certain issue?The ability of the interviewer to ask questions and encourage the interviewee to connect with him and open up to him. This also refers to his ability to probe deeper and do follow ups on the questions to gain more information.The responsiveness of the interviewee, and his ability to express himself fully in his answers. He should be able to quickly grasp the question and understand what is being asked, so he can provide the answer that the interviewer is looking for.The interview setting. This includes the venue or location, the language used, and other external factors that set the overall tone of the interview.If any of the above are absent (or present but lacking in any way), then you can expect the interview to go downhill from the beginning. However, another huge reason why most interviews fail or do not achieve the desired results is lack of preparation, particularly on the part of the interviewer. An indication of preparedness is an “interview schedule”.THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULEAs fun as spontaneous or on-the-spot interviews may seem to be, they will still bomb if no preparation was put into it. Those “ambush” interviews you see on television? They are not completely random or “on-the-spot” as they are presented to be. The questions asked have already been prepared beforehand, and they are often contained in an interview schedule.An interview schedule is basically a list containing a set of structured questions that have been prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers, researchers and investigators in collecting information or data about a specific topic or issue. The schedule will be used by the interviewer, who will fill in the questions with the answers received during the actual i nterview.Advantages of an Interview ScheduleAn interview schedule facilitates the conduct of an interview. Since the questions have already been prepared beforehand, it is easier to carry out and complete the interview.It increases the likelihood of collecting accurate information or data. The questions, which were already prepared beforehand, are expected to be well-thought out and have focus, so they target the “heart of the matter”, thereby ensuring that the answers obtained are correct or accurate. According to Lindlof Taylor, interview schedules can increase the reliability and credibility of data gathered.It allows interviewers and researchers to get more information, since they can ask follow-up queries or clarifications to the questions they have prepared. Thus, the information gathered is more relevant and useful.The rate and amount of responses are higher. Often, interviews are time-bound. Interviewers are given only a limited amount of time to ask all their questions and get the answers. If he came prepared, then he can utilize that time properly. Otherwise, he will be wasting a lot of time, thinking about what question to ask next. The next thing he knows, time is up, and he barely got anything substantial from the interviewee.It offers flexibility and high customization, and may be used when interviewing different types of people. The interviewer can prepare it with the respondents in mind. For example, an interviewer may have prepared a job interview schedule for the recruitment of a construction worker or laborer. When he is tasked to interview candidates for a senior management position, he may also use the same schedule, but with several adjustments.Disadvantages of an Interview ScheduleIt can be time-consuming. Preparation of the interview schedule can take quite a chunk of the time of an interviewer, especially if it is for an extensive or in-depth interview. Significant amounts of research must be performed in order to be able to craft good questions.There is a high risk that the interview and its results may suffer from the bias of the interviewer, as he is the one that will choose the questions to be asked during the interview.Variability may be high when the interview schedule is used by multiple interviewers. This may result to unreliable information gathered during the interviews.TYPES OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULESThere are two major types of interview schedules or guides that are widely used by interviewers.In-depth interview scheduleThis is used for open-ended interviews, which are aimed at obtaining in-depth information, often on serious topics or sensitive issues. The questions are open-ended, with prompts provided for the interviewer to ask for clarification or further information if necessary.The interviewee is given more room or leeway to talk about all the topics that will crop up during the interview, so he is free to use his own words and let the ideas flow out of him easily. The key characteristics of th is interview schedule are listed below.The schedule contains indications of the interviewee’s awareness of the purpose of the interview and how long it will take.The questions must be crafted to provide answers relevant to the topic or issue. For example, if it is a job interview, the questions should address the matter on whether the applicant being interviewed possesses the qualifications and credentials that make him suitable for the open position. If the interview is for purposes of research or investigation, the questions should answer the main problem or topic of the research or investigation.All questions should be relevant, or have an impact on the purpose or objective of the interview. Remove any irrelevant questions, or those with answers that won’t be of any use to you.It takes the one-step-at-a-time approach, with each question meant to tackle only one issue, instead of addressing several issues all at one. This has a tendency to confuse not only the interviewee, but also the interviewer, and result in the latter losing control of the direction of the interview.Instead of using questions answerable with a Yes or No, the questions are open-ended, which can be used as a starting or reference point for more questions. This way, the interviewer can go deeper in getting information he needs.The questions are neutral, avoiding leading questions that have the potential to dictate the answer to the interviewee.Structured interview scheduleThis type of interview schedule is often compared with the format used in survey forms or questionnaires because of their similarities. The difference lies in the usage; obviously, the interview schedule is used by the interviewer during a face-to-face interaction, while the questionnaire is simply filled out by the respondent.This interview schedule contains the questions that will be asked, and it is also where the interviewer will record the answers to those questions. Essentially, preparing an interview schedule f or a structured interview is the same as preparing a questionnaire. It’s just that the questionnaire will be used solely by the interviewer, and the respondent or interviewee will not get to lay their eyes on the contents.For more flexibility, however, some interviewers combine the features of these two types when they prepare their interview schedule. It would really be up to the interviewer, and what he deems to be most effective in achieving his objectives.INTERVIEW SCHEDULE TEMPLATESThere is no single standard template for an interview schedule. Generally, the format will depend on the type and purpose of the interview being conducted, as well as the target respondents or interviewees. However, the interview schedule must have three major parts:1. OpeningSome researchers call this stage the “warm-up”, where the objective is to create an atmosphere that will accommodate the open and free flow of ideas between the interviewer and interviewee, whether it is one-on-one or in a group.At the start of the interview, the interviewer should welcome the interviewee and make an effort to put him at ease. If the respondent is relaxed, the interview is likely to go smoothly. The interviewer will then proceed to inform the interviewee of the following:Objectives of the interview. The interviewee deserves to know why the interview is taking place, and why he is involved. In case of a job interview, the applicant being interviewed already knows why he is in the same room with the HR personnel, but it should still be spelled out to him.The topics or points that will be discussed in the course of the interview. This is to further make the interviewee comfortable, since you are giving him something like an ‘advanced warning’ on what will be asked later on in the conversation.The estimated length or duration of the interview. The interviewee does not want to be kept guessing throughout the course of the interview when it will end, or if he will have to spend all mor ning talking to the interviewer.The interviewee would like to feel that he will benefit in some way from this interview, so it would definitely help if you give him motivation to answer the questions properly and accurately. If you don’t, he may not be inclined to answer the questions, much less give good answers.This part of the interview schedule may be formatted in such a way that fits the interviewer’s personality, and even that of the interviewee.2. BodyWe come to the “core discussion”. This contains the meat of the interview schedule: the topics and the questions to be asked. Again, the content will depend on the topic and the type of interview. The main thing that you should never overlook is that the questions should fulfill the objective of the interview.Instead of an interview outline, which includes only a list of topics and subtopics, a typical interview schedule also contains major questions, as well as follow-up questions designed to probe or clarify the answer s to the previously asked major questions.When preparing the body of the interview schedule, it is important to leave more than enough space where the interviewer may write down the responses or answers of the interviewee.3. ClosingThe interview is about to be wrapped up. The reason that it is included in the interview schedule is to ensure that the interview will not end abruptly, which may come across as rude to the interviewee.The closing will cover the main points, in summary, that were talked about during the interview, followed by a brief discussion on the next steps that will be taken after the interview.You may check out this template for an example of an interview schedule to be used in talking with a university classmate. This other template of a simple interview guide also provides cues on what the interviewer should say during the interview, aside from the questions that he will ask.In some cases, an interview schedule may be so simple as to contain only the salient poin ts, such as the purpose of the interview, the date, time and location of the conduct of the interview, and the names and contact details of both the interviewer and the interviewee. Take a look at this job interview schedule as an example.Fortunately, there is a wealth of resources of interview schedule templates that you can find online that you can tweak and adapt to your needs.TIPS IN PREPARING AND USING AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULEThe main concern in the preparation of an interview schedule is on the questions. What should be asked, and how should they be asked? But that is not all. Even the order or sequence of asking the questions also matters, which is why it should also be reflected on the interview schedule.Remember the following tips when preparing the guide that you will use for the interview.Do not start the interview with a question probing into any personal information of the interviewee (unless the purpose of the interview is to talk about his personal life). If it’s a job interview, it would be better to get him to talk about his skills, qualifications and work experiences, since that is his comfort zone. If it is a research interview, you can start things off by asking the interviewee about his expertise in the field that you are interviewing him about. Do not ask him personal questions about his family or similar topics.Start with the “lighter” questions, or those that will not immediately put the interviewee or respondent on his guard. The interviewer should be able to answer the question easily, then you can move on gradually to the more sensitive or difficult topics. If you start it with a controversial question, or something that will make the interviewee uncomfortable, that will set a grim tone for the rest of the interview.The general rule is for you to group the questions in a logical manner. You can start with general questions, and work your way toward the specific questions later on. Of course, you may have to be flexible at times, e specially when a general question must be followed by a specific question in order to clarify something.For variety and a more natural flow, if you are using both open-ended and closed questions, it would be a good idea to mix them up, instead of asking all the closed questions first and then the open-ended ones in the latter half of the interview. Another suggestion is to adapt the funnel or inverted funnel sequence. The funnel sequence will have you starting with open-ended questions, and gradually but naturally easing into the close-ended ones. The inverted funnel sequence orders the questions in reverse.Keep the respondents or interviewees in mind when preparing the questions. You should know about their background, at least, so you can prepare questions that will resonate with them. If you are going to interview candidates for a supervisory engineering position, you can frame the questions so that the candidates will be able to prove whether they are qualified for the job or no t. If you are interviewing a person of interest regarding a recent incident, you should at least find out why he is considered to be a “person of interest”, so you can come up with the proper and relevant questions.The wording of the questions must be clear. Avoid using complicated and highly technical terms, unless you are completely sure that the interviewee is familiar with them. Try using simple language and layman’s terms to avoid confusion. Stay away from colloquial terms and jargon, especially when there are better â€" easier to understand â€" alternatives that you can use. Sentence structure is also important. Questions structured into long and run-on sentences may confuse you both, and the interviewee may miss the main point that you are asking about. As earlier mentioned, as much as possible, each question should address a single issue. Avoid placing too many questions in a single sentence, to be read in one breath.Provide adequate space where you can record or write the answers or responses to each question. There is an option to use a recorder during the interview, in case there are some points that you fail to record on the interview schedule. If you are going to use one, you have to inform the interviewee about it at the start of the interview, and get his consent to record the interview.As interviewer, you have to familiarize yourself with the interview schedule. You want the interview to flow naturally, and you definitely don’t want to sound stilted when asking the questions or, worse, as if you rehearsed it. Well, you probably have, but you don’t want to make that apparent to the interviewee. You have to exude confidence; after all, you are the one asking the questions. Once you have prepared the interview schedule, you have to know it inside out.

Analysis Of Aaron Burr s The Duel With Alexander...

Events That Defined a Nation One of the most detrimental events in Aaron Burr’s career was â€Å"The Duel† with Alexander Hamilton. Not only was dueling illegal in 1804 in New Jersey, which is where the duel occurred, but Aaron Burr was the current Vice President of the United States of America taking part in an event that led to the death of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton himself was one of the most powerful figures in the Federalist Party and was so well known within the party that his advocates believed that he emulated the political energy of George Washington, so the death of Hamilton was a shock to the party and to the nation. Now before this duel occurred, Hamilton and Burr both had their reasons why they detested each other. Hamilton, over a period of about fifteen years, completely disparaged Burr as a person and as a politician which frustrated Burr. Hamilton believed that Burr was doing what was politically expedient which Hamilton thought indicated that Burr h ad no principles. Moreover, Hamilton s constant political attacks on Burr eventually led to the proclamation of a duel and the fulfillment of the duel which resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton and the end of Burr’s political career. In regard to the duel, the conclusion of the duel signified how much they detested each other and how their hatefulness for each other changed history even before the duel occurred. For example, in the presidential election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr had theShow MoreRelated My Friend Hamilton -Who I shot Essay6642 Words   |  27 PagesA Historiographical Discussion of the Duel Between Aaron Burr and The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton holds a significant relevance in American history and should be examined within the context of early American culture and politics. The recent historiography of the incident provides us with a complex, evolving web of conflicting interpretations. Since the day of this tragic duel, contemporaries and historians have puzzled over why these two prominent American statesmenRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph J. Ellis s The Long Run 1913 Words   |  8 Pagessix sections-The Duel, The Dinner, The Silence, The Collaborators, and the Friendship. In each of these sections, Ellis recounts historical occasions by way of portraying them as being told as stories, just like how it would have been told coming from one of the Founding Brothers himself. These chapters are linked by Ellis’s pursuit of the truth in history, as well as the recurring characters of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, James Madison,Read MoreSummary Of Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation By Joseph J. Ellis1377 Words   |  6 Pageslegendary figures destined for success. Ellis describes the many ongoing motives for the Hamilton-Burr duel, the political ideas and compromises on handling the new nation’s economy, the controversy on the issue of slavery, George Was hington’s Farewell Address and his legacy, the collaboration between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, their political rivalry, and finally their reconciled friendship. The most famous duel in the history of the United States is highlighted and explored in the first chapterRead MoreResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 Pagesangry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between Federalist John Adams and Republican Thomas Jefferson, it produced a tie between Jefferson and his Republican running mate, Aaron Burr; a deadlock in the House where the tie had to be broken; an outburst of intrigue and suspicion as Federalists struggled to determine a course of action; Jefferson’s election; and Burr’s eventual downfall. The unfolding of this crisis tested theRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesVery good evidence Soviet was cheating on the ABM treaty. They were building a radar that was clearly in violation of the treaty. And they were moving with lesser technology to have missile def ense. They were using anti-aircraft missiles that had a duel purpose as also BMs. Not great technology, but they clearly were intended by Soviets to give them some capability to thwart off some of the missiles. That’s destabilizing when one side is cheating, even not fully. 8) Moral considerations: Suppose

“According To The United Nations Department Of Economic

â€Å"According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the growth rate for Nigeria has grown above the United States, and is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 (UNDP, 2013). Fertility rates that are higher could be associated with the increase, and also the everlasting life of infants and children. However, the correlation between males and females is suitable for an increase in the population. The United States yearly population growth rate is 0.8. The reduction in immigration played a part in the decline in population. Birth rates also contributed to the decline in population, and death rates increased. Many women use contraceptives to reduce the size of their families. Nigeria’s yearly population growth rate is†¦show more content†¦The United States has a population of approximately 323,995, 528. The expansion of urban growth continues to expand in the eastern part of the United States. In the western part of the United States such as : The Rocky Mountains, the Swampy Forrest, The Appalachian Chain, and the Technical and Agricultural areas, in the prairie regions consist of states such as: Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Missouri. In the age group 0-14 years of age, there are approximately 18.84% individuals, of those 31,182,660 are males, and 29,854,687 females. The 15-24 year old group is approximately 13.46% individuals, of those 22,360,342 mal es, and 21,252,215 females. In the age group 25-54 there are approximately 39.60% individuals, of those 64,170,791 are males, and 64,135,619 females. The 55-64 year old groups there are approximately 12.85% of individuals, of those 20,081,837 are males, and 21,536,994 females. In the 65 and older age group, there are approximately 15.25% individuals; of those 21,895,128 are males, and 27,525,255 females. The gender ratios for the United States are: 0-14 years of age: 1.04 males/females, 15-24 years of age: 1.05 males/females, 25-54 years of age: 1 male/female, 55-64 years of age: 0.93 males/females, and 65 years and over: 0.79 males/females. This indicates that less people in the United States are having children, and more people in Nigeria are having children. The dependency ratios for Nigeria are very high. The total dependency ratioShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations and Its Humanitarian, Peace and Security, and Economic and Social Agencies1641 Words   |  7 Pages CONTENTS 1. UNITED NATIONS 2. STRUCTURE OF UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES 3. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES 4. The United Nations Development Program -UNDP 5. The United Nations Childrens Fund -UNICEF 6. The United Nations Population Fund -UNFPA 7. HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AGENCIES 8 .Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator 9. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees -UNHCR 10. 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Although there has been someRead MoreAnalysis Of Larry Grubbs s Workshop Of A Continent : American Representations Of Whiteness And Modernity1081 Words   |  5 Pageswestern observers, who he believed defined modernity as being similar to the United States.1 These observers were unable to explicitly state that whiteness was why they supported South Africa due to the pressures of the Cold War, and after the American Civil Rights movement during the 1960s American observers consistently condemned the apartheid system in South Africa.2 Even while condemning apartheid, official United States foreign policy and public opinion tacitly condoned its existence in orderRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights And From Where Do They Originate?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are human rights and from where do they originate? According to Campbell, MacKinnon Stevens (2010), there are two prominent schools of thought with regards to human rights, natural law and positivism. Natural law is grounded in religion and morality, based on God, and contends that individuals know the difference between what is right and what is wrong (Cummings, et al., 2010). Proponents of natural law believe that every individual is born with human rights and that states can only enactRead MoreHomeland Security : Policy And Practice1482 Words   |  6 PagesHeffron Casserleigh Homeland Security: Policy and Practice PAD 5376 AND 4935 - Tues. 5:30 Abstract This is an APA formatted essay of the Department of Homeland Security and its major role it play within and outside the borders of the United States of America. The essay is outlined to follow prompts requested by Professor Dr. Audrey Heffron Casserleigh. Does the United States’ involvement in International Organizations (The UN, NATO, WTO, etc) and international treaties negatively or positively affectRead MoreThe United States Economy: The Slow Recovery of a Nation711 Words   |  3 Pages The United States Economy: The Slow Recovery of a Nation Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... page 2 Monetary Policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 2 Recovery†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. page 3 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...... page 3 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. page 5 The United States Economy: The Slow Recovery of a Nation Consumer concern over a decliningRead MoreSaul Hernandez. Com 101 Section 1018. Speech 1 Outline.1185 Words   |  5 Pagestopic that many people do not understand. Illegal immigration has a lot history and has evolved into two different sides: for and against. Introduction I. Attention Getter: According to The Department of Homeland Security, there are 11.4 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States in 2011. (The Department of Homeland Security, 2012) II. Thesis: Illegal immigration is a controversial topic that many people do not understand. Illegal immigration has a lot history and has evolvedRead MoreThe United Nations Stabilization Mission Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å"United Nations† was, according to the UN’s official website, coined by United States president Franklin Roosevelt in the context of the fact that the nations were united against the Axis forces in World War Two. In 1945, the United Nations officially started with fifty-one states as its members. 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Gross Domestic Product1312 Words   |  6 PagesAs the United States moved further away from the immediate economic boom in the final years of the World War and the following several years, its economy showed a major decline. While the country fought one of the biggest wars of all time, def ense spending rose to levels as high as 37.8 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (Teslik). World War II was financed through debts and an increase in taxes, and this negatively effected both consumption and investment. Some believed that the war would improve

Interpersonal Communication Relationship Analysis Essay

Interpersonal Communication May 19, 2011 Relationship Analysis When this assignment was given out, I instantly knew exactly what relationship I wanted to analyze: my ex-boyfriend’s and my relationship. It might sound like an odd relationship to choose, seeing as he is an ex, and it might not sound like a good starting point, but let me first say he is one of my best friends right now. Our relationship began like very few relationships do, on Facebook. In June of 2009, after I had been accepted into a Fall 2009 freshman class, a boy said hello in a message and a 4-page paper could not even touch the surface of our relationship in those past 2 years, but I will do my best to explain as much as possible. Over the next few months, the†¦show more content†¦I had issues with being intimate, especially PDA because I had never had a boyfriend, let alone held a boy’s hand in public. He is the exact opposite: loves to give and receive hugs, will hold his (girl) best friend’s hand in public, gives people kisses on the cheek, and the list goes on. My discomfort with intimacy and his unwillingness to understand that proved very problematic and caused a lot of strain on our relationship. According to an article by Carolyn Bernie (2010), â€Å"†¦the presence of intimacy (but not sexual intimacy) was associated with greater perceived relationship qual ity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Vol. 71, pg 45). Now that I am more comfortable with being intimate, not necessarily sexually intimate, but doing things like holding hands, and kissing, and more, I realize how important it can be to a relationship, especially to someone who is a naturally intimate person. However, I did not realize this until long after so back and forth the arguing went until we reached the breaking point and I decided to end it. Our fight only lasted a few weeks though, as both of us broke down saying we missed each other, and ended up dating again a month later. After more arguing, a jealous girl lying about him cheating on me, and the buildup of freshman year stress, we broke up again a few weeks before summer. This fight again only lasted a short time before we made up, but only to become friends. Over the summer we talked but I was very hesitantShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication On A Daily Base983 Words   |  4 PagesSociety sees interpersonal communication on a daily base. The question might be what is interpersonal communication, is there conflict, and where we experience it. Communication skills are developed to enhance or improve with the increased knowledge and practice. Today’s world with various forms of communication is ideal to have a superb interpersonal skill. Tough Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. Furthermore, the uncertainty theory comes fromRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships Analysis1607 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Relationships Analysis This comprehensive analysis determines the concepts, components, and elements of interpersonal relationships. The concept of attraction foundations shows four different stages of attraction beginning with social and interpersonal communication skills forming a bond between two people. The social environment promotes building of interpersonal relationships for both the professional and private environments. The unique exchanges between interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreInterpersonal Relationship Between My Father And I Had1737 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In this Interpersonal relationship analysis, I will be analyzing the Interpersonal relationship that my father and I had. I will give a little background on the relationship which we had, explain how the different concepts that we have covered in our class effected our relationship, through research and interviews conducted, and conclude with how the lessons learned from and through the relationship we had are still present today, even though my father is no longer alive. There are severalRead MoreThe Importance of Interpersonal Communication1186 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Interpersonal Communication for Startup Business in TANRI ABENG UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- English for Academic Purpose Naimy Zam Zam / Corporate Communication / 13.013 Abstract This research proposal contains the analysis about interpersonal communication in startup business The Impact of Interpersonal Communication in Startup Businesses Introduction These days, there are so many startupRead MoreArticle Critique: Talking Styles Essay example808 Words   |  4 PagesArticle Critique: Talking Styles COM 200: Interpersonal Communication Article Critique: Talking Styles Research has been conducted to determine if communication skills play a role in determining just how long a friendship or relationship will last. If we use the same types of communication or communication skills in our interpersonal relationships, do we stand a better chance at a life-long friendship, or a lasting marriage? The studies have shown that how we communicate with others canRead MoreMovie Analysis for Up778 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship Development Analysis in Up This paper will focus on interpersonal relationships; more specifically, romantic partners and the development of a relationship in a scene from the movie Up. Relationship development has two spectrums of stages: coming together and coming apart. This paper will focus on the stages taking place in the coming together phase, the relational norms and outcomes, speed of stage advancement, character role in each stage and how they could improve on their interpersonalRead MoreEssay on Interpersonal Communications in Sweet Home Alabama1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn Interpersonal Communications, it is important to understand how stereotyping can affect close relationships. When an individual uses stereotyping in a negative way, this in return negatively affects the relationship. This can lead to major problems in the long run. In Sweet Home Alabama, it is easy to see that false stereotypes lead to judgments reflecting badly on relationships. The clip shown of Sweet Home Alabama starts off with Melanie Carmichael, a fashion designer who is about to haveRead MoreBiographical Data Of Theorist : Interpersonal, Cognitive, And Family Perspectives985 Words   |  4 Pages1. Biographical data of theorist: Interpersonal therapy synthesizes interpersonal, cognitive, and family perspectives. Interpersonal therapy was first given attention by Harry Stack Sullivan. Sullivan’s theory was created in reaction to Freud’s drive theory. Sullivan contended that what a child was currently experiencing interpersonally and behaviorally was more important than unconscious drives. Sullivan earned his MD and became interested in psychology after working and helping a schizophrenicRead MoreInterpersonal Communication : Social Exchange Theory1581 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Communication: Social Exchange Theory Interpersonal communication can be described as communication that occurs between two or more individuals. While communication can be either verbal, nonverbal, or written, interpersonal communication is more commonly practiced through face to face, verbal communication (Burton, 2011). The interpersonal communication process begins with a â€Å"sender†, which is the person that is communicating a message to another person. The â€Å"receiver† is the personRead Moremr dddsdddd1164 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿GS0155 Interpersonal Communication Summary of concepts from Lecture 1 to Lecture 10 Lecture 1: Universals of IPC What is interpersonal communication? Nature of IPC: dyadic approach a. Dyadic b. Dyadic primacy c. Dyads Two types of dyadic connection: a. Dyadic coalition b. Dyadic consciousness Elements of Interpersonal Communication: (the model of IPC) a. Source-Receiver (encode, decode) b. Messages (feedback message, feed forward message) c. Channel d. Noise (Physical, Physiological

Media and Entertainment Paper free essay sample

A reporting application that provides managers of more than 1,300 cost centers with fast, easy access to financial data, allowing them to manage their businesses more effectively. 2 SAP Customer Success Story | Media | BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits Upholding a long-standing mission From its start as a radio broadcaster in the 1920s, the BBC has adhered to a consistent philosophy – to inform, educate, and entertain. Even as the broadcasting industry and the BBC specifically have evolved and expanded over time, the organization has held true to this mission. Headquartered in London, England, in the United Kingdom (UK), the BBC has more than 22,000 employees, an annual income of ? 3. 6 billion (approximately US$5. 6 billion), and an operating budget (managed through cost centers) of ? 2. 1 billion ($3. 3 billion). Established by a Royal Charter, the public service broadcaster is funded by a license fee paid by UK households. Services include 8 national TV channels plus regional programming, 10 national radio stations, and 40 local radio stations. The organization also maintains an extensive Web site. Outside the UK, the BBC World Service broadcasts to the world via radio, television, and the Internet, providing news and information in 32 languages. The BBC World Radio stations 50 Service is funded by a government grant, not from the license fee. The BBC also has a commercial arm, BBC Worldwide, whose profits are returned to the BBC for investment in new programming and services. Through these many media outlets, the BBC provides a critical link to news and information and, through its arts and entertainment programming, enjoyment to patrons worldwide. SAP Customer Success Story | Media | BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits The need to reduce operating costs Like many publicly funded organizations, the BBC must reduce operating costs. The broadcaster has an agreement with its governing body, the BBC Trust, to reduce costs by 20% by the year 2017. A key to achieving this objective is to enable fast, easy access to financial data, so cost center managers can make informed decisions for greater cost savings. Still, managing a ? 2. billion budget across 26 brands and 30 operating divisions can be daunting. Cost center managers are responsible for tracking license fees, and they must report on how costs align with the budget, as agreed to with the BBC’s governing trust. Data was scattered across its 30 operating divisions – data that managers could use to tighten control and communicate results. Yet accessing the data was cumbersome. Managers had to log into the portal, request a report, provide parameters, and wait for the report to run. Accessing the data directly required specialized training. The resulting ?2. 1 billion Budget output was not easily customized, often needed further filtering, and required labor-intensive cutting and pasting to arrive at a presentable report. The BBC wanted to equip its managers with the tools to spend less time gathering and sifting data so more time could be spent making decisions to manage costs. Ultimately, the goal of the BI team was to deliver complex, multisource data seamlessly and efficiently within the BBC. 4 SAP Customer Success Story | Media | BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits Leveraging an SAP software landscape To equip cost center managers with the decisionmaking insight they need, the BBC leveraged its existing software infrastructure. The BBC was already using the SAP ERP application and other SAP software across its enterprise to facilitate business processes. Now, as it embarked on its financial transformation, the BBC’s finance BI team looked to SAP software once again, shifting its emphasis to using SAP software for information management. The BBC began its initiative with a proof of concept of SAP BusinessObjects solutions. Valued software services partner Computer Systems Integration (CSI) Ltd. helped the finance BI team to configure the proof of concept. In addition to helping install the SAP BusinessObjects solutions, CSI made hardware recommendations and educated the team to make sure it was prepared to make the best use of the BI and information management software. The concept met technical and functionality requirements, so the BBC proceeded with a full implementation. A side benefit of continuing to work with SAP was the BBC’s existing inhouse expertise. Since the BI team was already omfortable working with SAP software, it was able to avoid the issues and support costs it likely would have encountered by going to an outside software solution. Another deciding factor in favor of an SAP solution was the rich array of business intelligence and information management solutions from SAP that support the BBC vision. Frontline software users were hit with a series of business demands that had t o be mapped onto new solutions related to information. The new requirements led the BBC’s financial applications and strategy team to adopt SAP BusinessObjects solutions. SAP Customer Success Story | Media | BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits Pulling together relevant data in a single access point Since it had already configured a working proof of concept, the implementation team was able to save time as it rolled out the solution to the broader enterprise. Pulling together relevant data in a single access point, the team extracted transactional data from SAP ERP, the SAP NetWeaver ® Business Warehouse component, SQL databases, and other data points for self-service reporting and analysis. The finance BI team chose to begin the implementation with the BBC news cost centers, which were reasonably indicative of the rest of the BBC. The team held meetings and workshops to identify how the software could help them work better, where they felt information was lacking, and where there was too much. It then adapted the solution based on end-user input. Within three months, the BBC rolled out the solution across all 1,300 cost centers. Given the variable nature of business at the BBC, the implementation team deliberately kept the pace at a comfortable level. For example, the BBC needs to continually respond to world events and be prepared to send people to cover such events; in turn, the finance BI team must continually react to changes in cost and priorities. Thus, as the team rolled out new functionality, it was sensitive to the demands the cost center managers were facing. The solution was accepted very well, and cost center managers can use it with minimal instruction. The interface is designed to be intuitive, so managers can go in and within three clicks get useful information. 6 SAP Customer Success Story | Media | BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits Enabling information and insight with a click of a mouse The new reporting application, based on SAP BusinessObjects business intelligence solutions, helps BBC cost center managers access the financial data they need quickly and efficiently, so they can better manage their businesses. Cost center managers open the reporting solution by clicking a link that is saved as a â€Å"favorite† in their Web browser or on their desktop. From the main screen, managers click different tabs to find information associated with their cost centers. Managers can view a summary of their cost center, look at forecasts, and see what they’ve spent by period or agency. Also, they can view administrative projects or see a staff list. SAP BusinessObjects Dashboards software displays the corresponding information on-screen, organized neatly in tables and graphs. Although the back-end data-integration activity is invisible to cost center managers, managers can run queries using SAP BusinessObjects Web Intelligence ® software to access more detail about what’s appearing on-screen. For example, the managers can look at the aggregated information or drill down and see to the penny how much they’re spending and who is spending it. This same level of detail is available across all of the categories. With SAP BusinessObjects software, the solution is horizontally integrated to provide access to data held within various BBC software applications. 7 BBC Executive overview Company Vision Why SAP Implementation Solution Benefits Embodying a culture of simplicity and effectiveness The reporting application delivers significant benefits to the BBC user community while greatly reducing the back-office effort required to support individual cost center managers. Before, to run reports for the cost center managers, counterparts in finance spent up to two hours per month compiling and formatting data. Analyzing the reports could take the cost center managers a full day. With the new reporting solution, information is immediately available in a dashboard, allowing cost center managers to analyze it in a fraction of the time. The company is saving roughly 200 days per year across production accountants, finance analysts and partners, and business analysts. Now, cost center managers no longer need to run reports to reconcile data as they review line-item information. Having the data readily available in dashboard format has resulted in dramatic time savings – roughly 1,755 days per year for production managers and 225 days per year for program managers. Days saved per year among managers and analysts The BBC is realizing other benefits as well.

Child Soldiers in the Republic of Congo

The deadly conflicts experienced by the Democratic Republic of Congo at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first centuries caused numerous negative consequences resulting in the severe social crisis in the country. The Second Congo War that started in 1998 has become one of the most dreadful armed conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century (McMullen, O’Callaghan, Shannon, Black, Eakin, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Child Soldiers in the Republic of Congo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recruitment of child soldiers is one of the practices often used by official and nonofficial armed forces in the country. Such practice presents a serious threat to the life and psychological health of children as the experience gained in the army leaves irreversible changes in their social attitudes and psyche. Finding an effective solution to the problem of child soldiers in C ongo is necessary for ensuring the healthy environment for the population of the country. Though numerous actions were taken to demobilize the child soldiers after the official end of the war, a certain number of children is still recruited by military groups. The process of demobilization of child soldiers is complicated by the fact that many children do not find support in the society and do not consider themselves a part of it. Investigating the social and ethnic background of former child soldiers can contribute to the success of prevention of future recruitment. The aim of this paper is to answer the questions related to the social and ethnic identity of demobilized child soldiers. The research is aimed at checking if the hypothesis that most soldiers come from the same social and ethnic group is true to life. Confirming or refuting the hypothesis are of vital importance, as the identification of a certain group of children most vulnerable to being recruited by the army will he lp to prevent further recruitment by encouraging proper institutions to focus on providing appropriate preventive activities for this group. The Overview of the Research Design As the purpose of the study is to answer the questions about the background of the child soldiers in Congo, descriptive research design seems to be the most appropriate one. A good description is â€Å"fundamental to the research enterprise† as it contributes to the knowledge of the nature of the society (What is research design?, n.d., p. 1). The specifics of descriptive research fit the purpose of the study, as such research helps to obtain the information that is crucial for devising hypotheses and proposing associations (Monsen Van Horn, 2008). As description â€Å"paves the way to prediction†, the chosen research design will help to predict the association between the social and ethnic background of children and their inclination to participate in the Army (Mitchell Jolley, 2013, p. 272). Advertising Looking for proposal on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quantitative research, as a type of descriptive studies, appears to be suitable for the study, as it will help to collect data about the issues discussed above and organize it into valuable descriptive statistics (Monsen Van Horn, 2008, p. 5). The choice of data collection and analysis methods should correspond to the chosen research design. The Data Collection Methods Gathering data about the social and ethnic background of former child soldiers in Congo can be done by using survey methods. As the researcher is learning French, which is the first language in Congo, it will be relatively easy to use such method of data collection as focus group interviews. Focus groups will include family members of demobilized child soldiers and the members of civil society. Each of the group will consist of 5-9 people (Kwok-to Choi Chan, 2013). Such surv ey data collection technique as constructing necessary questionnaire will be used to create an appropriate basis for the interviews. Each group will be requested to answer a certain number of questions during an-hour-long sessions. The participants will be asked to share their views on the discussed issue, and the appropriate records will be made. Monitoring of narratives of demobilized children in Congo will also be used as an additional method of obtaining data for the study. The narratives will be selected based on careful analysis to identify certain features related to social and ethnic background common among child soldiers. Analysis Methods The collected data will be analyzed by reviewing the answers of the participants and identifying if they reflect common social and ethnic patterns typical of child soldiers in Congo. The detailed statistical analysis of obtained information will be conducted to demonstrate if certain social and ethnic groups prevail among former child sold iers. Descriptive statistics analysis will suit the purpose of the study and help the researcher to find the association between the investigated factors and the willingness to participate in the army. Descriptive statistics will help to describe the basic features of the data obtained during the study and provide summaries about the sample (Trochim, 2006). Such statistics will enable the researcher to describe what the data shows. Two variables, social background and ethnic origin of former child soldiers, will be analyzed. As it is rather difficult to calculate the statistics when there two or more variables, appropriate statistics program should be used. The data will be put to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program to get the appropriate table of results.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Child Soldiers in the Republic of Congo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Sampling Scheme A random sample will be used to ensure that the results can predict the features common to the whole population. A sample frame will be defined to determine a complete list of the population from which the sample should be selected. The creation of sample frame database will enable the researcher to conduct random number selection. The necessary information about the families of former child soldiers will be attained from appropriate institutions, and ten families from different parts of the country will be chosen based on the method of probability sampling. Ten groups of the members of civil society living in various regions of the country will also be chosen randomly. Such method of sampling will help to prevent inaccuracy and ensure that the identified patterns refer to all child soldiers. The written narratives for analysis will also be selected randomly from the database of appropriate institutions located in different regions of Congo. The total number of chosen narratives will be twen ty. The assessment of the selected sample will be conducted to eliminate the risk of missing certain groups of population and getting subjective results. Sample validation will be carried out to ensure that the selected participants truly represent the whole population. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Research Design The main strengths of the research design include its suitability to the purpose of the study. The chosen research design enables the researcher to answer the initial research questions and check the hypothesis. Besides, such research design enables the researcher to ensure that the data obtained during it is objective, and the results can be applied to the whole population. The objectivity of the results is of vital importance, as it lets the researcher make well-grounded claims and encourage further research based on already gained relevant information on the issue. Usage of group based interviews will help to monitor a big number of the people living in Congo in a re latively short period. On the other side, the absence of individualistic approach in group interviews can be defined as a weakness of the research design. However, careful and friendly communication with the individuals included in the groups will help to eliminate the risks related to lack of individualistic features of the survey.Advertising Looking for proposal on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Descriptive statistics analysis will help to analyze the collected data and draw certain conclusions. The researcher will be able to find the correlation between certain social and ethnic groups and the level of children’s participation in military groups. The usage of SPSS software will help to prevent any possibility of making mistakes while calculating the statistics. Usage of random sampling gives numerous benefits to the research, as it helps to ensure that the results are appropriate for being considered typical for the whole population of Congo. Though such sampling requires more time and effort, careful communication with appropriate institutions will help to overcome these challenges. The chosen research design has numerous benefits and will enable the researcher to answer vital questions about the nature of the phenomenon of child soldiers in Congo. The gained results will help other specialists to suggest the appropriate strategy for combating children’s inv olvement in military organizations in Congo. References Kwok-to Choi, M., Chan, K. (2013). Online dating as a strategic game: Why and how men in Hong Kong use QQ to chase women in mainland China. Berlin: Springer Heidelberg. McMullen, J., O’Callaghan, P., Shannon, C., Black, A., Eakin, J. (2013). Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(11), 1231-1241. Mitchell, M., Jolley, J. (2013). Research design: Explained (8th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Monsen, E., Van Horn, L. (2008). Research: Successful approaches (3rd ed.). New York: American Dietetic Association. Trochim, W. (2006). Descriptive Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php What is a research design? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/005847ch1.pdf This proposal on Child Soldiers in the Republic of Congo was written and submitted by user Cali Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anti-Federalism essays

Anti-Federalism essays The adoption of the U.S. Constitution created a centralized authority giving a great amount of power to the federal government. I think that the governments powers should be reduced and more equally divided among its branches. With such things we could have specific limitations on the government's taxation and commerce powers as well as many other things that would make our society better for the people. I feel that the Articles of Confederation work, they just need amending. This new found liberty is something that shouldn't be given up on so easily. At the Constitutional convention in which George Washington was elected President many key people were absent from the meeting; Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were away on foreign affairs and Patrick Henry refused to attend the meeting because he "smelt a rat". Patrick Henry's suspections were correct being that James Madison who had been behind the formation of the meeting had in mind the creation of a powerful central government and the subversion of the authority of the state legislatures. With the meeting being held without the presents of some of the country's major political leaders, decisions were not made to their greatest potential. In their absence some ideas were proposed such as Madison's idea that called for the near annihilation of the State legislatures and the creation of an implied empire. Other ideas came about like Alexander Hamilton's statement that the British government was above all others and had a plan to appoint lifetime executive officials - a Monarchy. The reason most Anti-Federalists oppose to the Constitution is that the republic must remain in the states, it must be geographically small in order to meet the needs of the people. With such a large demographic, the interest of the people would be too diverse and should be kept divided for individual control. SUch large districs ...

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words - 1

Autism - Essay Example This estimate have risen in recent years due to more awareness about Autism. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) along with the developmental disorders that fall under its umbrella are disorders are characterized by deficits in social and communication skills. The Autism Spectrum Disorders include: Asperger’s Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Autism Disorder, Child Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome. In recent years, diagnoses of Autism have increased both in breadth and in depth. The increase in the prevalence of this developmental disorder to 1 in 88 children has become so alarming that many parents and practitioners have been more diligent in knowing more about it. Zalla et al. (2006) has encapsulated the definition of Autism as follows: It is â€Å"a complex developmental disorder characterised by severe difficulties in communication, social interactions, and executive functions. Social and communication disturbances are generally explained in terms of a defective neurocognitive mechanism responsible for the attribution of thoughts and feelings to oneself and to others† (p. 527). The many symptoms presented by individuals with Autism have been inconsistent in pointing to just one disorder that is why it had to be spread out to various disorders within the Autism spectrum. Although there are overlaps of symptoms, there are also categorical clusters that belong to one disorder that can be differentiated from another disorder. Under the umbrella of the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) exists the highest functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) subtype called Asperger’s Syndrome (Kurita, Koyama & Osada, 2005). This is characterized by several deficits in age-appropriate social interactions and restricted,

Loyal Nine or The Sons of Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Loyal Nine or The Sons of Liberty - Essay Example 1765:-The beginning of our activities first unfolded by the group hanging an effigy of Andrew Oliver on a tree along Newbury Street. Oliver was the one who was to commission the stamps for Massachusetts. Alongside the effigy, there were large boots with a kind of a devil picture hanging out of it. The whole idea of the group was to show that public that Oliver was deeply associated with the Stamp Act. The outcome of this act was disastrous to Oliver and everything that belonged to him. 1766:-It was an open secret that the group ruled the entire Boston by end 1766...all the Sheriffs kept it low. We had a common purpose, that was to force all the Stamp Distributors to Resign. All the Merchants who declined to cooperate with our idea to â€Å"Non-Importation Act† had pressure applied to them to do so or face our wrath. It was a great success. 1768:-Lucky enough a good number of our members were printers and publishers. This made it easy for us to employ what we simply call â€Å"newsprint propaganda† especially in 1768. Where our achievement and activities were made known to all readers. By the time the Stamp Congress had concluded their business we had developed into a very large organization and it was not easy to just brush us off like a simple militia group. 1770:-We had succeeded in attacking most symbols of the British Authority like the Custom's officers, Gentry, and Companies. During this active Decade of operation, we made sure that all the Stamp Officers in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey underwent a lot of intimidation and had either resigned or if they persist they would be seized and burned. 1775:-We had a well-organized group at this time. All the way we operated with great confidence and Loyalty to our officials with high hopes that parliament would yield to the pressure and repeal the tax.  

Study On The Objectives Of Micro Finance Institutions Finance Essay

Study On The Objectives Of Micro Finance Institutions Finance Essay A sustainable economic growth and development has its foundation on economic agents access to financial services (credit, savings, pension funds etc). Studies have shown that there has been a failure of both the government and financial institutions to provide access to loan able funds to the grass root level of the economy (GCAP, 2010; Sundaresan, 2008), for this reason it has become increasingly fashionable for national economies to set up Micro-finance Institutions to meet the need of these groups of people. Microfinance is becoming widely accepted especially in the developing countries and it is now playing a major role in reduction of poverty and the economic development in the world. This essay seeks to analyse both theoretical and empirical evidence with the view to ascertaining whether MFIs have lived up to their objectives as key drivers of economic growth and development. In addition, the essay will look at the impact of MFIs in Nigeria in relation to poverty eradication wi thin the following perspectives: Provision of Financial Services Access to Finance and Regulatory and Legal Framework for access to finance Nigeria Financial Services Sector is made up of the commercial banks, the Microfinance Banks, Discount houses, Cooperative societies, Insurance sector and Pension funds, Savings and Loans, Leasing companies etc. The essay will focus on those financial institutions that are licensed to take deposits and create loans. Microfinance is defined in terms of the services they offer; the provision of a wide range of services including deposit taking, advancement of loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance services to the low income members of the economy (ADB, date). Microfinance can simply be seen as the provision of quality financial services to the poor. The theory of Microfinance dates back to 1975 to Mohammed Yunus, an Economics University lecturer in Bangladesh. In his classic research project he designed a credit and delivery system to provide banking services to the rural poor (Hulme et al, 2009). The research gave birth to what is known today as the Grameen bank; that has grown both in assets and operations (Grameen, 2009). The provision of financial services within the Nigeria context has been an abysmal failure. Recent survey by the FinScope found some staggering fact about the level of banking participation in the economy FinScope (2008). According to the study 74% of the adult population have not been banked, 15% of women at the time of the survey have no bank account and 86% of rural adults are not unbanked (FinScope, 2008). A comparison of the level of access to financial services particularly the deposit money bank done amongst four countries in African including; Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania found that Nigeria has the second largest number of non-banking population see Fig. 1 (Isern et al, 2009). The level of financial services illiteracy amongst the adult population is equally very low according to the survey (FinScope, 2008). See Fig 3. The close proximity of Microfinance banks to the rural population offers them a great advantage to reach the nonbanked populace unfortunately; emp irical studies showed that only 3 percent of adults use Microfinance as their main bank (Bun et al, 2007). The Small and Medium Enterprises have been identified as the engine room of growth and development in most economies (Malik and Teal, 2008). However, this very important sector of every developed and developing economy has been very dormant in Nigeria. A World Bank study in 2008 (World Bank, 2008) have identified access to finance amongst others as one of the top constraints of the development of SMEs in Nigeria. In a study that compared the Sectoral contribution to GDP, it was observed that Nigeria SME sector was much smaller than that of other developing countries; according to the study, the SME accounted for about 50% of the nations GDP very little when compared with the 80% of the other developing economies. To improve on this the country need a well funded and operationally strong Microfinance institutions, it is arguable though whether the MFIs operating in the country have lived up to their expectations. For instance, a study done by Malik and Teal (2008) showed that only 5% of firms have received loans from Microfinance Institutions even when 80% applications were received from the SMEs. See Fig.4. The study showed the extent to which access to and cost of financing are a problem for Nigerian SMEs. Access to loan able funds was seen as a function of size; according to the survey, about 59% of small firms faced varying degrees of difficulties in accessing finance compared to 35% of medium firms and 11% of large SME firms. A world comparison of access to and cost of credit done on India, China, South Africa, Indonesia and Brazil saw Nigeria closely following Brazil as countries with the highest impediments to access to credit see Fig 5 (ICA 2008). The study of Isern et al (2009) showed that households, rural populace and SMEs are not very interested in accessing investment funds from MFIs. Part of the reasons adduced for this lacklustre attitude include high interest rates (cost of funds), collateral requirements, maturities mismatch etc. However, the study done by ICF in 2008 showed that cost of funds is cheaper in Nigeria relative to the other 5 countries surveyed. The supply of Microfinance services has a very long history in Nigeria, although this was frequently done in informal ways. A study done by Food and Agricultural Organisation in 2004 estimated that 25% of Nigerians accessed some informal sources of financing (FAO, 2004). USAID in 2005 carried out a survey that estimated that a majority of funding for Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises came from personal savings, informal lending schemes known as esusu and gifts from family members (USAID, 2005). The FinScope survey in 2008 equally revealed that 24% of SMEs used informal sources of funding for their businesses. Various forms of Non-Governmental Organisations NGOs which are not for profit oriented micro-credit schemes have been in place since the 1980s. For instance Ford Foundation began supporting households and SMEs in 1993 and as 2004 have provided capacity building grants to 123 organisations worth $180,000 US dollars at the 2000 exchange rate, and the Foundation have refinanced loans to 241 organisations to the tune of $1.7 million (Isern et al, 2009). The study noted that majority of the NGOs used Grameen solidarity groups model to provide loans to small groups of people. The 2005 Microfinance framework made provision for traditional community banks that were operating in the country to be re-licensed as microfinance institutions with a minimum capital base of NGN 20 million (CBN, 2005). The community banks operating in the country before the re-licensing were privately held companies licensed to take deposits from the public as well as provide credit services. CBN reports showed that these banks became very successful in deposit mobilization but failed in their functions as lenders to the rural households and SMEs within the communities that they operated (CBN/OFID Reports, date). As at July 2008, about 125 Microfinance licenses were processed by the Central Bank of Nigeria and most of these licenses were for internationally experienced Microfinance organisations such as ACCION International which is a partnership between Citibank-Nigeria, Ecobank, Zenith bank, IFC and SME manager. Other international organisations like K-REP (Kenya), BRAC (Bangladesh), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have provided both funding and technical expertise to MFIs. The traditional commercial banks were not left out of the Microfinance arrangements as most of them opened subsidiaries that undertook the functions of MFIs (CBN reports, 2008). The growth of MFIs in Nigeria was encouraging. See Fig 6. The international capital flows as well as the technical expertise helped to build the much needed confidence that was lacking when the banks operated as community banks. However, the growth and concentration of MFIs may become too risky; as majority of them are serving the same market. CBN data showed that 100 of MFIs were operating in Lagos State alone and 16 in Abuja the Federal Capital. Reports from the CBN showed that as at the end of October 2008, a total of 724 MFIs were fully licensed and in operations, with 607 of them being community banks that were re-licensed as MFIs, about 86 MFIs have been given approval in principle during the period under review (CBN, 2008) Again another important source of risk is from the very low capital base that is required for the MFIs and poor regulatory and supervision framework. The CBN in their current reforms are taking some major steps to mitigate these risks; with the proposal of merging and consolidations within the sector. If the various reforms pull through, the country may see more financial strong MFIs that are able to perform their functions as key drivers of national growth and prosperity. Despite the rapid growth of the MFIs in both size magnitude and operations; lending to rural households and SMEs has continued to stagnate. The growth in MFIs have failed to translate into easy access to investment funds, SMEs and households have continued to bedevilled by high cost of funds and collateral requirements. Adverse selection within the financial services sector has continued to persist as a result of information asymmetry. Information asymmetry in the sense that the MFIs have no way of fully guiding and protecting their loanable funds to the public, as a result of this; higher risk premia are demanded to provide financial services which excludes high quality borrowers. The table showed the low reliance of SMEs in the country on capital from financial institutions; clearly borrowed funds from the banks including the MFIs have remained very low, largely as a result of the factors mentioned before. The result is even worst when compared with that of other developing economies like Brazil, South Africa, China, India, Indonesia and Kenya. Source: ICF Survey (2008) the result showed is for short term financing as in the case of long term financing firms depend entirely on personal funding. Table 8 clearly shows that only 4% of SMEs have access to lines of credit/loans while 8% have access to various forms of overdrafts. MFIs account for a very low percentage of financial services funding in Nigeria, largely because of loan ceiling that is active within that sector. Microfinance institutions operating in Nigeria are mandated to keep 60% of their loan portfolio below the NGN 500,000 (US$4310) loan threshold. Central to the Microfinance regulatory framework is the CBN guidelines for licensing of microfinance banks (MFBs). The guidelines provide two licensing options; unit MFBs that are licensed to operate within the local government area in which they are registered with a minimum capital base of NGN20 (US 172,000) million naira. The unit MFBs according to the guideline may expand their operations subject to the NGN20 million capital requirement per branch. State MFBs are licensed to operate in all parts of the state in which they are registered and are subject to a minimum capital requirement of NGN 1 billion (US $8.6 Million). For the state registered MFBs to raise additional funds and open more branches; they are required to have covered at least two-thirds of the state and raise additional NGN 20 million to open a branch in another state. The prudential regulations of MFIs are designed to manage credit risks that are part of the Microfinance operations; the capital adequacy ratios of the MFIs are set with the notion that the institutions will be engaged in mostly unsecured credit financing, the capital adequacy ratio is set at a risk-rated 10:1 ratio (CBN2005). In addition, there are strict guidelines setting up reserves and dividend pay-outs. Microfinance prudential regulations are designed to reduce risk concentration by putting a cap on the amount of credit an individual and groups can access. The Microfinance prudential regulation is designed to reduce risk concentration by putting a ceiling on individual loans (1% of unimpaired shareholder funds and 5% for group borrower), a 100% provisioning is required for loans over 90 days in arrears or restructured (Isern 2009). Microfinance deposits up to NGN 100,000 (US $862) are protected by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Fund (CBN 2008). The Supervision of microfinance is based on both on and off-site supervision, box 2 shows a summary of the regulatory and supervision principles of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. Interest Rate policy of Microfinance institutions in Nigeria ranges above 20-30% for loans, advances, overdraft facilities and other types of lending services (Isern, et al 2009). The interest rates charged by the MFIs are quite high when compared to that charged by the conventional money deposit banks see Table 13. The high rates of interest reflects the high risk premia of the targeted audience that the MFIs are designed to serve. The high rate of interest rate has been identified as one of the key factors that limit rural households and businesses from access to credit through the MFIs (Philips 2002). This imposes distortion in the flow of credit as companies that cannot afford the high cost of borrowing look for informal sources which are marred by risks and uncertainties. The review of the operations of Microfinance Institutions in Nigeria has clearly revealed that there should be a trade-off between high cost of funds on one hand and provision of financial services on the other hand. From what they are designed to achieve, they are supposed to provide some sort of lose collateral lending and as such have a higher risk than the conventional commercial banks. Microfinance Institutions in developing economies like Nigeria faces some challenges both in their operations and in the environment in which they operate. One of these challenges as noted by Cerven and Ghazanfer (2008) includes some cultural practices that discriminate against women such as specific cultural, familial and personal circumstances other important considerations to women empowerment in Nigeria are religious issues like Purdah: (seclusion of women) which is rampant in Northerner Nigeria. Technical know-how and in-adequate regulation has been identified as one of the internal and external factors that militate against the growth of MFIs in Nigeria (Campion 2002). Microfinance been in a somewhat embryonic stage; developments and regulations are still evolving is expected that the sector could face some hiccups before stabilizing. Microfinance Institutions have enormous growth opportunities in Nigeria as a result of most of the factors highlighted in this essay; the nature of their operations and the Acts establishing them makes them a better preferred choice for consumers of financial services. However, this comes with a high cost to both the MFIs and their customers. To the MFIs the potential for high loan defaults are present; this may if not managed properly lead to financial fragility in the sector. To their customs; the high cost of interest and cumbersome application process that they have to face is a big challenge; there is an irony in the interest rate charged by MFIs in Nigeria, a country that has a forecasted average growth rate in GDP of between 5-6% per annum, has a cost of fund of between 20- 30%, this presupposes that businesses should grow more than the countrys GDP. Despite all the challenges of the MFIs in Nigeria, they remain substantial to the growth and development of any economy; and in Nigeria in particular the MFIs have large un-tapped markets and are set for long-run profitability if the relevant infrastructures are put in place. Fig 3 Percentage of adults who have never heard of the listed services and products